Qualidade de combustíveis e as novas políticas ambientais
Resumo
Os combustíveis fósseis possuem origem não-renovável e são amplamente utilizados em todo o mundo, estando associados a uma grande parcela da emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera terrestre. Existe uma demanda muito grande e crescente pela maior participação de fontes energéticas renováveis e menos poluentes na matriz energética mundial, sendo os biocombustíveis uma alternativa promissora e em crescente utilização no Brasil. A utilização de biocombustíveis em motores a combustão interna, apesar de favorecer a redução de poluentes, gera alguns problemas técnicos associados à sua menor estabilidade e suscetibilidade à degradação quando comparado a combustíveis fósseis. Como alternativa, aditivos podem ser aplicados de forma a garantir estabilidade e manutenção das propriedades físico-químicas dos biocombustíveis e suas misturas com combustíveis fósseis.
Referências
1. da Silva, V.; Silveira-Martins, E.; Otto, I. Mensuração Da Consciência Ambiental Dos Consumidores: Proposta e Validação de Escala. Rev. Adm. da Univ. Fed. St. Maria 2017, 10, 63–78.
2. de Oliveira, V.; Aguiar, E.; Melo, L.; Correia, S. Marketing e Consumo Verde: A Infl uência Do Greenwashing Na Confiança Verde Dos Consumidores. Rev. Gestão Soc. e Ambient. 2019, 13 (2), 93–110.
3. Schiochet, R. A Evolução Do Conceito de Marketing “Verde.” Rev. Meio Ambient. e Sustentabilidade 2018, 15 (7), 21–35.
4. Baktash, L.; Talib, M. Green Marketing Strategies: Exploring Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors towards Green Customers’ Loyalty. Environ. Manage. 2019, 20 (168), 127–134.
5. Ribeiro, C.; Schirmer, W. Panorama Dos Combustíveis e Biocombustíveis No Brasil e as Emissões Gasosas Decorrentes Do Uso Da Gasolina/ Etanol. Biofix Sci. J. 2017, 2 (2), 16–22.
6. Kato, G.; Rocha, M. Dilemas Institucionais Na Promoção Dos Biocombustíveis: O Caso Do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel No Brasil. Cad. do Desenvolv. 2011, 6 (8), 329–354.
7. de Araújo, A.; de Oliveira, E. Análise Do Consumo de Combustíveis Do Setor de Transporte Rodoviário No Brasil. Rev. Estud. Debate2020, 27 (3), 143–157.
8. Decreto n° 76.593 de 14 de Novembro de 1975 - Instituição do Proálcool
9. Nitsch, M. O Programa de Biocombustíveis Proalcool No Contexto Da Estratégia Energética Brasileira. Rev. Econ. Política 1991, 11 (2), 123–138.
10. de Andrade, E.; de Carvalho, S.; de Souza, L. Programa Do Proálcool e o Etanol No Brasil. Engevista 2009, 11 (2), 127–136.
11. Rosillo-Calle, F.; Cortez, L. Towards Proalcool II - A Review of the Brazilian Bioethanol Programme. Biomass and Bioenergy 1998, 14 (2), 115–124.
12. Gilio, L.; Castro, N. Avaliação de Aspectos Limitantes Ao Crescimento Do Etanol e o Setor Sucroenergético No Brasil. Rev. Eletrônica Energ. 2016, 6 (1), 58–74.
13. Brito, T.; Islam, T.; Stettler, M.; Mouette, D.; Meade, N.; dos Santos, E. Transitions between Technological Generations of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Brazil. Energy Policy 2019, 134, 110915.
14. Lei 11.097 de 13 de janeiro de 2005 - Lei do Biodiesel. Dispõe sobre a introdução do,2002%3B e dá outras providências.
15. Osaki, M.; Batalha, M. Produção de Biodiesel e Óleo Vegetal No Brasil: Realidade e Desafio. Organ. Rurais Agroindustriais 2011, 13 (2), 227–242.
16. Dantas, M.; Pinheiro, R. Marco Jurídico Do Biodiesel e o Modelo Regulatório Brasileiro. Direito E-nergia 2013, 8, 109–124.
17. Resolução CNPE n° 16 de 29/10/2018 - Novos aumentos de teor de biodiesel
18. Olabi, A.; Maizak, D.; Wilberforce, T. Review of the Regulation and Techniques to Eliminate Toxic Emissions from Diesel Engine Cars. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 748, 141249.
19. Ramírez, R.; Gutiérrez, A.; Eras, J.; Valencia, K.; Hernández, B.; Forero, J. Evaluation of the Energy Recovery Potential of Thermoelectric Generators in Diesel Engines. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 241, 118412.
20. Lovarelli, D.; Bacenetti, J. Exhaust Gases Emissions from Agricultural Tractors: State of the Art and Future Perspectives for Machinery Operators. Biosyst. Eng. 2019, 186, 204–213.
21. Shrivastava, N.; Khan, Z. Application of Soft Computing in the Field of Internal Combustion Engines: A Review. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 2018, 25, 707–726.
22. Kharola, A.; Nikam, Y.; Patil, H. A Review of Literature to Aid in Management and Forecasting of Technology: A Case of Petrol Engines. PM World J. 2018, 7 (5), 1–9.
23. Javed, T.; Ahmed, A.; Raman, V.; Alquaity, A.; Johansson, B. Combustion-Based Transportation in a Carbon-Constrained Worl - A Review. Pollut. from Energy Sources 2018, 7–34.
24. Quazi, T.; Mhatre, C.; Khanolkar, S.; Patil, P.; Pawar, S. A Review on Internal Combustion Engines. Int. J. Res. Eng. Sci. Manag. 2018, 1 (10), 790–792.
25. Patel, M.; Pardhi, B.; Chopara, S.; Pal, M. Lightweight Composite Materials for Automotive - A Review. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2018, 5 (11), 41–47.
26. Udoye, N.; Inegbenebor, A.; Fayomi, O. The Study on Improvement of Aluminium Alloy for Engineering Application: A Review. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol. 2019, 10 (3), 380–385.
27. Ashok, B.; Ashok, S.; Kumar, C. Trends and Future Perspectives of Electronic Throttle Control System in a Spark Ignition Engine. Annu. Rev. Control 2017, 44, 97–115.
28. Sarkan, B.; Stopka, O.; Gnap, J.; Caban, J. Investigation of Exhaust Emissions of Vehicles with the Spark Ignition Engine within Emission Control. Procedia Eng. 2017, 187, 775–782.
29. Leman, A.; Jajuli, A.; Feriyanto, D.; Rahman, F.; Zakaria, S. Advanced Catalytic Converter in Gasoline Enginer Emission Control: A Review. MATEC Web Conf. 2017, 87, 02020.
30. Venkateswarlu, K.; Kumar, R.; Krishna, R.; Sreenivasan, M. Modeling and Fabrication of Catalytic Converter for Emission Reduction. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 33, 1093–1099.
31. Balaji, G.; Premnath, O.; Yuvaraj, R.; Kohli, A. Experimental Analysis of Exhaust Emissions Using Catalytic Converter.IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 402, 012200.
32. Resolução ANP N° 65/ 2011. Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis: Rio de Janeiro 2011.
33. Resolução ANP N° 50/2013. Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis: Rio de Janeiro 2013.
34. Ramos, L.; Kothe, V.; César-Oliveira, M.; Muniz-Wypych, A.; Nakagaki, S.; Hrieger, N.; Wypych, F.; Cordeiro, C. Biodiesel: Matérias-Primas, Tecnologias de Produção e Propriedades Combustíveis. Rev. Virtual Química 2017, 9 (1), 317–369.
35. Gebremariam, S.; Marchetti, J. Economics of Biodiesel Production: Review. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 168, 74–84.
36. Tabatabaei, M.; Aghbashlo, M.; Dehhaghi, M.; Panahi, H.; Mollahosseini, A.; Hosseini, M.; Soufiyan, M. Reactor Technologies for Biodiesel Production and Processing: A Review. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2019, 74, 239–303.
37. Singh, D.; Sharma, D.; Soni, S.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, P.; Jhalani, A. A Review on Feedstocks, Production Processes, and Yield for Different Generations of Biodiesel. Fuel 2020, 262, 116553.
38. Du, E.; Cai, L.; Huang, K.; Tang, H.; Xu, X.; Tao, R. Reducing Viscosity to Promote Biodiesel for Energy Security and Improve Combustion Efficiency. Fuel 2018, 211, 194–196.
39. Abed, K.; Gad, M.; Morsi, A.; Sayed, M.; Elyazeed, A. Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Diesel Engine Emissions. Egypt. J. Pet. 2019, 28 (2), 183–188.
40. Gad, M.; Araby, R.; Abed, K.; El-Ibiari, N.; Morsi, A.; El-Diwani, G. Performance and Emissions Characteristics of C.I. Engine Fueled with Palm Oil/Palm Oil Methyl Ester Blended with Diesel Fuel. Egypt. J. Pet. 2018, 27 (2), 215–219.
41. Abed, K.; Morsi, A.; Sayed, M.; Shaib, A.; Gad, M. Effect of Waste Cooking-Oil Biodiesel on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine. Egypt. J. Pet. 2018, 27 (4), 985–989.
42. Ndayishimiye, P.; Tazerout, M. Use of Palm Oil-Based Biofuel in the Internal Combustion Engines: Performance and Emissions Characteristics. Energy 2011, 36 (3), 1790–1796.
43. Cavalcanti, E.; Zimmer, A.; Bento, F.; Ferrão, M. Chemical and Microbial Storage Stability Studies and Shelf Life Determinations ofN Commercial Brazilian Biodiesels Stored in Carbon Steel Containers in Subtropical Conditions. Fuel 2019, 236, 993–1007.
44. de Sousa, L.; Garcia, M.; Santos, E.; Silva, J.; de Castro, A.; de Moura, C.; de Moura, E. Study of the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of the Oxidative Degradation Process of Biodiesel by the Action of Antioxidants Using the Rancimat and PetroOXY Methods. Fuel 2019, 238, 198–207.
45. Leggieri, P.; Senra, M.; Soh, L. Cloud Point and Crystallization in Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Biodiesel Mixtures with and without Additives. Fuel 2018, 222, 243–249.
46. Varatharajan, K.; Pushparani, D. Screening of Antioxidant Additives for Biodiesel Fuels. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 82, 2017– 2028.
47. Vu, N.; Hien, P.; Man, T.; Thu, V.; Tri, M.; Nam, N. A Study on Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Ethanol Fuel Blend. Materials (Basel). 2018, 11 (59), 1–12.
48. Astaghfari, G.; Soegijono, B. Influence of Heat Treatment on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of 8090 Aluminium Alloy for Ethanol Fuel Tank Application. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 694, 012032.
49. Narisa, S.; Ariffin, S.; Khaidzir, H.; Hanizam, S. Review on the Compatibility of Non-Metal Materials in Automotive Components of Diesel Engine Vehicles with Blended Biodiesel Fuel. Adv. Sci. Lett. 2017, 23 (5), 4728–4732.
50. Annual World Fuel Ethanol Production (Mil. Gal.)
51. Dados de produção e entrega de biodiesel no Brasil, 2021.
52. Resolução ANP N°1/ 2014. Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis: Brasília 2014.
53. Resolução ANP N° 704/ 2017. Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis: Brasília 2017.
54. Higgins, C.; Filip, S.; Afsar, A.; Hayes, W. Evaluation of Thermal and Oxidative Stability of Three Generations of Phenolic Based Novel Dendritic Fuel and Lubricant Additives. React. Funct. Polym. 2018, 142, 119–127.
55. França, F.; Freitas, L.; Ramos, A.; da Silva, G.; Brandão, S. Storage and Oxidation Stability of Commercial Biodiesel Using Moringa Oleifera Lam as an Antioxidant Additive. Fuel 2017, 203, 627–632.
56. Luz, G.; Sousa, B.; Guedes, A.; Barreto, C.; Brasil, L. Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review. Molecules 2018, 23 (10), 1–16.
57. Shabanov, A.; Galyshev, Y.; Zaitsev, A.; Sidorov, A. Analysis of the Effect of Detergent Additives on Fuel on the Performance of a Diesel Engine. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 791, 012073.
58. Narayan, S.; Moravec, D.; Hauser, B.; Dallas, A.; Dutcher, C. Removing Water from Diesel Fuel: Understanding the Impact of Droplet Size on Dynamic Interfacial Tension of Water-in-Fuel Emulsions. Energy Fuels 2018, 32 (7), 7326–7337.
59. Lawan, I.; Zhou, W.; Idris, A.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Wang, L.; Yuan, Z. Synthesis, Properties and Effects of a Multi-Functional Biodiesel Fuel Additive. Fuel Process. Technol. 2020, 198, 106228.
60. Hoekman, S.; Leland, A. Literature Review on the Effects of Organometallic Fuel Additives in Gasoline and Diesel Fuels. J. Fuels Lubr. 2018, 11 (1), 105–124.
61. Thangamani, S.; Sundaresan, S.; S., S.; Barawkar, V.; Jeyascelan, T. Impact of Biodiesel and Diesel Blends on the Fuel Filter: A Combined Experimental and Simulation Study. Energy 2021, 227, 120526.
62. Faria, E.; Duarte, V.; da Silva, A.; Fernandes, F.; de Paula, R.; Alonso, C.; Oliveira, G.; Naplitano, H. New Halogen Chalcone with Potential for Application in Biofuels. Energy Fuels 2020, 34, 5958–5968.
63. Kokonkov, A.; Lyah, D.; Ivanov, S.; Stroykov, G.; Ivanova, P. Xperimental Estimation of Specific Heat of Combustion of Agglomerated Peat Fuel. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 378, 012046.
64. American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D4809 -18: Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method). 2018, p 10.
65. Dakhlaoui, I.; Karoui, K.; Jomni1, F. Thermal Stability, Low Gap Energy and High Temperature Order–Disorder Phase Transition in Hybrid Material: [N (CH3)4]2PdCl4. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2020, 34 (4), 1–15.
66. Huang, Y.; Rong, C.; Zhang, R.; Liu, S. Evaluating Frontier Orbital Energy and HOMO/LUMO Gap with Descriptors from Density Functional Reactivity Theory. J. Mol. Model. 2017, 23 (3), 1–12.
67. Teunissen, J.; De Proft, F.; Vleeschouwer, F. Tuning the HOMO– LUMO Energy Gap of Small Diamondoids Using Inverse Molecular Design. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2017, 13 (3), 1351–1365.
68. Suraj, C.; Krishnasamy, A.; Sundararajan, T. Investigations on Gradual and Accelerated Oxidative Stability of Karanja Biodiesel and Biodiesel–Diesel Blends. Energy Fuels 2019, 33 (9), 9196–9204.
69. Sundus, F.; Fazal, M.; Masjuki, H. Tribology with Biodiesel: A Study on Enhancing Biodiesel Stability and Its Fuel Properties. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 70, 399–412.
70. Rial, R.; de Freitas, O.; dos Santos, G.; Nazário, C.; Viana, L. Evaluation of the Oxidative and Thermal Stability of Soybean Methyl Biodiesel with Additions of Dichloromethane Extract Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe). Renew. Energy 2019, 143, 295–300.
71. BS EN 15751:2014: Automotive Fuels. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Fuel and Blends with Diesel Fuel. Determination of Oxidation Stability by Accelerated Oxidation Method. European Standards 2014, p 22.
72. Kankeu, E.; Marx, S.; Brink, A. Adaptation Behaviour of Bacterial Species and Impact on the Biodegradation of Biodiesel-Diesel. Brazilian J. Chem. Eng. 2017, 34 (2), 469–480.
73. Zivkovic, S.; Veljkovic, M. Environmental Impacts the of Production and Use of Biodiesel. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 191–199.
74. Kazanceva, I.; Sendžikienė, E.; Sendžikaitė, I. Evaluation of Biodegradability and Stability of Biodiesel Fuel and Its Mixtures. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag. 2017, 24 (3), 101–107.
75. Sangeeta, K.; Rashmi, S. Impact of Biodegradable Behaviour of Diesel Fuels with Biodiesel Blending: A Review. J. Biofuels 2020, 11 (1), 35–46.
76. Zhu, F.; Li, X.; Yang, S.; Chen, Y. Clinical Success of Drug Targets Prospectively Predicted by In Silico Study. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2018, 39 (3), 229–231.
77. Das, T.; Mehta, C.; Nayak, U. Multiple Approaches for Achieving Drug Solubility: An in Silico Perspective. Drug Discov. Today 2020, 25 (7), 1206–1212.
78. Brás, N.; Neves, R.; Lopes, F.; Correia, M.; Palma, A.; Sousa, S.; Ramos, M. Combined in Silico and in Vitro Studies to Identify Novel Antidiabetic Flavonoids Targeting Glycogen Phosphorylase. Bioorg. Chem. 2021, 108, 104552.
79. Horel, A.; Schiewer, S. Microbial Degradation of Different Hydrocarbon Fuels with Mycoremediation of Volatiles. Microorganisms 2020, 8 (2), 163–178.
80. Schiewer, S.; Horel, A. Biodiesel Addition Influences Biodegradation Rates of Fresh and Artificially Weathered Diesel Fuel in Alaskan Sand. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 2017, 31 (4), 04017012 (1-14).
81. ABNT NBR 16038: 2012 - Combustíveis - Medição de Depósitos Em Válvulas de Admissão Em Motor Com Ignição Por Centelha. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT: Rio de Janeiro 2012, pp 1–68.
82. ABNT NBR 6601: 2021 Versão Corrigida - Veículos Rodoviários Automotores Leves - Determinação de Hidrocarbonetos, Monóxido de Carbono, Óxidos de Nitrogênio, Dióxido de Carbono e Material Particulado No Gás de Escapamento. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT: Rio de Janeiro 2021, pp 1–57.
